Road to the Summer Capital

By / September 27, 2019 / My Friend Alexa / 117 Comments

“Veni, Vidi, Vici” (I came, I saw, I conquered.)

That is how many empires were built across the globe. What began just as trade, gradually shifted gears and as they say, the English were high on power! However, it is also said that every empire passes on a philosophy to the world, quoting that its mission is not to loot or control, but to educate and liberate.

Well, the twitchiness of this statement, is not for us to discuss. For we are not tracing how imperialism spread its roots, but we simply have a case of how an unknown village rose in stature to become the Summer Capital of the British Raj.

(To read the journey until now, click here)

The English were beginning to enjoy their sojourn in the hills. To stay in the beautiful bungalows that were beginning to come up, they had to pay a rent for a season, which was usually nine months long. If they wished to stay longer, they were charged extra. The rent varied from 150 rupees to 1500 rupees for an entire season!

It is said that in January 1837, when they enjoyed snow after a long time, they found all the more reason to move to this new-found heaven. More and more palatial houses began to come up. Locally found stones shaped into squares and rectangles were made from rocks and adjusted together to make sturdy walls. Cement was barely used, except on the outside. The Mahasu forest provided the much-needed timber for the poles around the corners. The roofs were angular, for obvious reasons. Every house had a fire-place and a chimney, and there was none without a garden with the most beautiful wild flowers. The hills would run out of flowers that soon began adorning the dining halls and ante rooms.

These houses had very fancy names too, such as, Swiss Cottage, Fountain Hall, The Hermitage, Victoria Lodge, Sunnybank, Abbeyville and many more. The English were even fond of making houses on hill tops (you can make that out from those on Ellysium Hill and Summer Hill that still form a part of the town today). They wished for the sun to keep the house warm in winters. This was unlike the local population that lived in the valleys.

However, this wasn’t the best decision. The English weren’t used to the less amount of oxygen on heights and the locals were clever in this aspect. Hence, there were some common health issues that often crept up. Of these, wheezing was one and indigestion another. In fact, indigestion was so common among the British in Simla that doctors almost always recommended eating at least five meals in small portions! I know of so many people in the hill town who still suffer from this. It was even quoted by a resident in one of his journals that Simla was great for your health when you were healthy, but the moment you fell sick, it was good for you to return home! There were enough reasons for legs to get tired and for lungs to suffer for want of oxygen, almost always!

Sometimes, the English brought along with them servants from the plains. The reason being that Simla was known for its bad servants! It was even quoted that the servants here “fleeced you to their heart’s content”.

Hence, with the popularity of Simla at its peak, and the beginning of its romance with the British, the Governors-General and Viceroys made it their summer residence. The Ridge and the Mall Road came up as the main markets where a lot of action always happened. This hasn’t changed much even today!

There was mass migration to Simla. It was way ahead of other hill stations, namely Mussorie or Nainital. But, as already mentioned, it did not have an easy terrain. In the first place, it was difficult to reach the town all the way from Kalka. The infrastructure was bad. Roads were narrow and bumpy. In Simla itself, it was difficult to move from one place to another. There was a lot of walking to be done, which leaves tourists in jeopardy even today.

So, the British began to hire coolies, who carried heavy loads on their backs as they climbed up hill. If enough labour was not available locally, the English forcibly brought porters from distant places. Sometimes, people were also carried by these porters in Jampan (sedan chairs) and doolies. And not just around the town!

Yes, the journey from Kalka to Simla was arduous. Usually the English had two choices. The government van or the “dawk gari”. The roads were rough and the springs of these gaaris were wrapped in ropes to reduce the roughness of the jolts. But on many a night the gaaris broke down due to the rains which made the Ghagar river, a few miles from Kalka, overflow. Sometimes, the passengers waited for days before they could embark on the journey again.

The British, who liked to spend their summers in Simla, were criticized for spending an entire season, cut-off in the hills.

It is said that good roads are the first step towards good development. The English were aware of this. Hence, a new cart road, called the “Grand Hindostan and Tibet Road” was designed by Major Kennedy and came up in the Vice Royalty of Lord Dalhousie in 1856. And this carved the way for Simla turning into the Summer Capital, officially, in 1864.

Wonder how people now travelled from Kalka to Simla? Several times, the journey was undertaken in Jampans by women, doolies by children and on ponies by the men. All at the expense of the poor porters or coolies who were also used along with mules to carry the luggage. Then came in the ekka or the country cart, a one-horse carriage. The bullock cart was also used for the journey and finally the Tonga was brought, all the way from the Central Province.

British-Officer-with-his-Dogs

(The tonga as a mode of transport; An English lady being carried in a jampan. Image source@internet)

But these modes of transport were slow and tiresome. And with so much happening in Simla, it was important to connect it to the rest of the country with a faster and better means of transport. This laid the foundation of the S(h)imla-Kalka Railway, which is yet another story of marvel. We shall unfold the same in the next chapter.

Until then, relish this amazing fact:

The hand-pulled rickshaw. Image source @internet

The Mall Road was also known as “Thandi Sadak” or Breezy Lane. It was meant for pedestrians and horses (horse riding is still popular on the Ridge). The credit for widening the road in 1878 goes to Lord Lytton. It was then that the first wheeled vehicle, “rickshaw”, was introduced. It was pulled by four labourers (Indians) who wore a uniform and turbans, but ran barefoot.

–Sonia Dogra

Read the next chapter here.

This is a series on Shimla, the Queen of Hills and its not-so-historical tale. Source: @various sources internet

Edward J Buckner’s “Simla: Past and Present”

Read chapter 1 here

Read chapter 2 here

Read chapter 3 here

I am taking my blog to the next level with #MyFriendAlexa

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117 thoughts on “Road to the Summer Capital”

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  8. naveensharmais

    Thank you Sonia for this great effort. It’s so overwhelming to read the profound history of the place we belong to. It’s a mixed feeling though to read the development of place and agony of localities. But history teaches us important lessons.

    Reply
  9. Arti

    This is such a classical post I would say, it feels great to read about the development that happened in that era, at the same this period carried the agony felt by Indians which is hard to forget

    Reply

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  19. jaya1966

    This is a wonderfully descriptive piece about Simla during the British raj. I have never visited Simla though one of my cousins grew up there. Will definitely visit sometime.

    Reply
  23. Shubhra Rastogi

    Your post was so nostalgic. Having studied and grown up in Nainital, I could easily relate to the facts and the developments of Shimla. The architecture and the old buildings, coolies, and thandi sadak and mall road and rickshaws are so similar. #MyFriendAlexa #ShubhraReads

    Reply
  25. singhalkushal

    Another beautiful read Sonia… Enjoyed the story…Looking forward to the post on shimla kalka railway…. The rail journey as it stands today is a beautiful experience… it would be lovely to know how it was built….

    Reply
  26. judy morris

    This is what I call an interesting post. As a traveller I have visited Shimla & Kalka many times but didnt know the fact behind Kalka-shimla train and mall road.

    Reply
  37. Debidutta Mohanty

    It was a nostalgic read for me. Have spent two years in Shimla a decade back. It brought back those memories alive. A very delightful and well researched post. Loving the series.Thanks for sharing.

    Reply
  38. Supriti

    wow.. quite some research has gone into it and u have done a fabulous job of putting everything at a place. The charm of Shimla and its history has been well captured. 🙂

    Reply
  43. kalaravi16

    This was a riveting read! I never knew so many fascinating details about the evolution of Shimla. The anecdotes about the health ailments and bad servants in Shimla was interesting. A truly interesting series, I can see the makings of a book!

    Reply
  44. Abhijit Ray

    A beautiful and a must read post. You have captured old Shimla so well. I think British knew how to manage hill stations. Even when the erected big buildings they kept enough greenery around those buildings. Of course, there were so few of them. Post independence we have made our hill stations concrete jungles. Be it Shimla, Musoorie, Almora or Nainital. We have built beautiful highways, chopped trees but could not solve waste disposal problem. Instead of slow moving palanquins or horse driven carts, we zoom past the distance between Kalka and Shimla in fast moving cars.

    Reply
    1. soniadogra

      I totally agree with you. How I miss that old world charm. Past 2000 things changed and nothing really was the same ever again. We have just mismanaged development…That’s what I feel.
      Thank you for stopping by. And for sharing such wonderful thoughts.

      Reply
  46. aditi

    Wow! Your post is the gem I found in Blogchatter campaign. British changed Simla for the better and we should be aware. Shall read all related posts:)

    #MyFriendAlexa
    #AditiReads
    aditikapur.com

    Reply
  50. trendtofit

    Loved to read the facts and the most important thing I enjoyed reading it because of your beautiful style of writing. I love Shimla. My soul feels a connection with Shimla. There is a story behind it. Thanks for this post.

    Reply
  59. Dr Kamal Sharma

    I m not a regular reader but I found this very interesting along with historical background of Shimla.. It’s nice. link was send by my wife nidhi.. Will read all series… Thanx for such writings n stay blessed..

    Reply

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